The modern data stack replaced Hadoop-era architectures.
Old stack (-): Hadoop → Hive → Spark → Data Warehouse
Modern stack (+): Sources → Fivetran/Airbyte → Snowflake/Databricks → dbt → BI Tools
What changed:
- ELT replaced ETL (transform in warehouse)
- Cloud warehouses replaced on-prem Hadoop
- dbt standardized the transformation layer
- Streaming is now expected knowledge
Interviews test this modern stack, not legacy tools.