An A record maps a domain name to an IPv4 address. When you query www.example.com, the authoritative server returns an A record like:
www.example.com. 300 IN A 93.184.216.34
The is the TTL (time-to-live) in seconds.
An AAAA record (quad-A) does the same for IPv6:
www.example.com. 300 IN AAAA 2606:2800:220:1:248:1893:25c8:1946
Most domains have both for dual-stack compatibility.