TXT records store arbitrary text in DNS. They have many uses.
SPF records for email authentication:
example.com. 3600 IN TXT "v=spf1 include:_spf.google.com ~all"
Domain verification for services:
example.com. 3600 IN TXT "google-site-verification=abc123"
DKIM for email signing, DMARC for email policy. TXT records became the catch-all for domain-related verification and configuration.